Comandos básicos en Linux#
Este documento esta hecho usando un libro de Jupyter Lab. El magic %%bash indica que el contenido de la celda es bash. En la terminal de comandos solo debe incluir el texto de la segunda línea hacia abajo.
pwd#
[1]:
%%bash
#
# Imprime el directorio de trabajo
#
pwd
/workspace/01_comandos_basicos
whoami#
[2]:
%%bash
#
# Imprime el nombre de usuario
#
whoami
root
cd#
[3]:
%%bash
#
# Cambia del directorio actual
#
cd /etc
pwd
/etc
[4]:
%%bash
#
# Se mueve hacia arriba (nivel superior) en el árbol de directorios
#
cd ..
pwd
/workspace
Nota:
.. se mueve un nivel
../.. se mueve dos niveles
../../.. se mueve tres niveles
ls#
[5]:
%%bash
#
# Lista el contenido del directorio
#
ls
01_porque-bash.rst
02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
04_busqueda.ipynb
05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
_assets
hola.txt
index.rst
newdirectory
newfile
[6]:
%%bash
#
# listado detallado (letra l)
#
# Al principio de cada línea hay una cadena de diez caracteres, por ejemplo
# `-rw-r--r--`. El primer carácter indica si el elemento es un archivo (`-`)
# o un directorio (`d`). Luego siguen tres grupos de tres caracteres que
# indican:
#
# * Permisos de usuario.
# * Permisos de grupo.
# * Otros permisos.
#
# En su orden, los tres caracteres de cada grupo representan lo siguiente:
#
# * Si el archivo tiene permiso de lectura (`r`) o no (`-`).
# * Si el archivo tiene permiso de escritura (`w`) o no (`-`).
# * Si el archivo es ejecutable (`x`) o no (`-`); consulte la ayuda de `ls`
# para obtener más opciones.
#
# Por ejemplo, la cadena `-rwxr-xr-x` indica que el elemento es un archivo
# (`-`), que el usuario (dueño) tiene permisos de lectura y escritura (`rw`),
# que el archivo es ejecutable (`x`) y que otros usuarios solo pueden leerlo
# (`r--`).
#
ls -l
total 64
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7605 Mar 22 15:23 01_porque-bash.rst
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1254 Mar 22 16:30 02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19051 Mar 25 16:23 03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6133 Mar 24 21:37 04_busqueda.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15733 Mar 24 21:24 05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Mar 22 15:59 _assets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 24 21:24 hola.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 138 Mar 22 15:59 index.rst
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Mar 22 18:13 newdirectory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 24 21:24 newfile
[7]:
%%bash
#
# Solo los nombres de los archivos (número 1)
#
ls -1
01_porque-bash.rst
02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
04_busqueda.ipynb
05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
_assets
hola.txt
index.rst
newdirectory
newfile
[8]:
%%bash
#
# Incluye archivos ocultos
#
ls -la
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 416 Mar 25 16:23 .
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 384 Mar 25 16:24 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 192 Mar 22 18:05 .ipynb_checkpoints
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7605 Mar 22 15:23 01_porque-bash.rst
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1254 Mar 22 16:30 02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19051 Mar 25 16:23 03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6133 Mar 24 21:37 04_busqueda.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15733 Mar 24 21:24 05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Mar 22 15:59 _assets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 24 21:24 hola.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 138 Mar 22 15:59 index.rst
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Mar 22 18:13 newdirectory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 24 21:24 newfile
>#
[9]:
%%bash
#
# Redirecciona la salida a un archivo:
#
ls -la > listado.txt
#
# Contenido de lista.txt
#
cat listado.txt
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 448 Mar 25 23:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 384 Mar 25 16:24 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 192 Mar 22 18:05 .ipynb_checkpoints
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7605 Mar 22 15:23 01_porque-bash.rst
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1254 Mar 22 16:30 02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19051 Mar 25 16:23 03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6133 Mar 24 21:37 04_busqueda.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15733 Mar 24 21:24 05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Mar 22 15:59 _assets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 24 21:24 hola.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 138 Mar 22 15:59 index.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 25 23:34 listado.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Mar 22 18:13 newdirectory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 24 21:24 newfile
>>#
[10]:
%%bash
#
# Agrega la salida a un archivo
#
ls -la >> listado.txt
# Contenido de lista.txt
#
cat listado.txt
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 448 Mar 25 23:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 384 Mar 25 16:24 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 192 Mar 22 18:05 .ipynb_checkpoints
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7605 Mar 22 15:23 01_porque-bash.rst
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1254 Mar 22 16:30 02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19051 Mar 25 16:23 03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6133 Mar 24 21:37 04_busqueda.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15733 Mar 24 21:24 05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Mar 22 15:59 _assets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 24 21:24 hola.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 138 Mar 22 15:59 index.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 25 23:34 listado.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Mar 22 18:13 newdirectory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 24 21:24 newfile
total 68
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 448 Mar 25 23:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 384 Mar 25 16:24 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 192 Mar 22 18:05 .ipynb_checkpoints
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7605 Mar 22 15:23 01_porque-bash.rst
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1254 Mar 22 16:30 02_ejecucion_en_docker.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19051 Mar 25 16:23 03_comandos_basicos.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6133 Mar 24 21:37 04_busqueda.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15733 Mar 24 21:24 05_modificacion_de_archivos_y_directorios.ipynb
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Mar 22 15:59 _assets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 24 21:24 hola.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 138 Mar 22 15:59 index.rst
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 833 Mar 25 23:34 listado.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Mar 22 18:13 newdirectory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 24 21:24 newfile
<#
[11]:
%%bash
#
# Usa el contenido de un archivo como entrada
#
wc < listado.txt
30 256 1666
|#
[12]:
%%bash
#
# Indica que la salida de un comando es la entrada del siguiente
# Cuenta cuantas palabras hay en el listado
#
ls -la | wc
15 128 833
Ayuda#
[13]:
%%bash
#
# Se usa --help o -h
#
ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files;
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--hyperlink[=WHEN] hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage;
used only with -s and per directory totals
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print entry names without quoting
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
(overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size, largest first
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
--time-style=TIME_STYLE time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
with -l: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
-1 list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'